ポルトガル人マヌエラ・デ・アゼベード(通称ピンピン)に初めて紹介されたのは、友人宅のパーティでした。目が合うとにっこりしますが、痛々しいほどシャイでした。けれども、たまたま誰かが文化財保護についてふれたとたん、彼女は別人のように情熱的に自信にあふれ、雄弁に語りだしたのです。 ピンピンが文化遺産保護に関わるようになったのは、1994年。中国チベット自治区のラサで開発が始まり、古い建物がとり壊され始めた当時、ドイツ人の友人アンドレ・アレクサンダーからラサ旧市街の建物の詳細な地図製作を依頼されたのがきっかけでした。「最初は、建物自体に興味があったの。でも、そこに誰が住んで、どう暮らしているのかを一軒一軒訪れて記録するうちに、文化遺産の保護は、人やコミュニティの記憶を守ることだと考えるようになったの。家や寺院などの古い建物は、音や匂い、家族や近所の人々の姿や会話、その時の気持ちなど、人々の記憶と強く結びついているから、かけがえのないものなのよ。記憶なしで生きていくことは誰にもできないでしょう。」とピンピンは言います。
≪チベット・ヘリテージ・ファンド≫ 1996年に、ピンピンとアンドレはNGOチベット・へリテージ・ファンド(THF)を創立しました。チベット仏教建築には、石積、踏み固めて作る屋根、彫刻や壁画等、独特な建築技法や宗教的な決まりがあります。その伝統技術継承のため、THFは、老人の棟梁を3人探し出し、4年間で300人のチベット人を訓練しました。 さらに、THFは地元政府関係者の率いるラサ旧市街保存グループに参加し、保存すべき建物の認定リストも作成しました。寺院や伝統的な家屋を修復し、住民と相談しながら、上下水道、公共便所、道の整備もしました。それまで、掘った穴をトイレやゴミ捨て場として使っていた人々が、トイレを壊さず、清潔に保つ方法を自ら話し合い始めたのです。 2000年以降、THFは四川省や青海省、モンゴル共和国やインドのラダックにも活動範囲を広げてきました。短期のボランティアや労働者も含めると参加者の国籍は10ヵ国に達します。技術を習得したチベット人スタッフは、他の地域で指導をするほど成長し、アンドレが担当するラダックのプロジェクトはユネスコの2006年アジア太平洋遺産賞を受賞しました。活動資金源は、ドイツ、オランダ、フィンランド各国政府、米国トレース財団(Trace Foundation)やドイツ・カトリック系援助団体ミゼレオール(Misereor)等です。
≪モンゴルゴビ砂漠の僧院修復≫ さて、ピンピンは2004年から、モンゴルのゴビ砂漠南部のサンギン・ダライ僧院修復を担当しました。この僧院は1772年に建てられ、1930年代のソビエト連邦の影響下、閉鎖破壊されました。 ピンピンは、155センチ足らずの小さい体で、現場監督として、政府や市長、仏教関係者との交渉、土木作業員の監督、建築材料の調達、伝統的建築技術の指導、喧嘩の仲裁、盗難にも対処し、資金の出入もチェックしました。「女性の私が責任者ということに慣れないせいか、はじめは会議でもよく無視されたわ。相手には絶対に私の不安を悟らせず、私が技術的な内容も良く知っていることを示して、尊敬を勝ち取ったの。」と説明します。 現場の生活も大変でした。発電機による電力供給は一日3時間。電話は町の郵便局に1台だけ。ゴビ砂漠で、菜食主義のピンピンが口にできるのは、麺とご飯、キャベツとジャガイモ。たまに手に入る桃やりんごは砂漠を輸送中に押しつぶされ黒ずんでいました。塩辛い井戸水しか出ず、ミネラルウォーターを売っている店は160キロ先。下痢や発熱時も戸外の共同トイレです。時々点滴を受けるほど衰弱し、体重は8キロも減少。娯楽もなく、言葉の壁の為、気楽におしゃべりする相手もいませんでした。
サンギンダライ僧院の屋根に修復した装飾を取り付けているところ。 こうした苦労を乗り越えて、2007年には、装飾画や木工装飾等を含め、手づくりの瓦や煉瓦を使い、サンギン・ダライ僧院の6つの建物が修復されました。首都から700キロのこの地域は、経済発展から取り残され、アルコール中毒や家庭内暴力も多く、自殺も珍しくありません。寺院修復を機に、人々が伝統や記憶を取り戻し、誇り高く生きてほしいという願いから始まったこのプロジェクトの修復現場には、吹きすさぶ砂風をものともせず「お寺が出来上がるのが待ち遠しくて、つい毎日見に来てしまう。」という元小僧だった老人の姿もありました。完成式には一張羅の民族衣装を着て、歯の欠けた口で泣き笑いをしていました。また、僧院の修復資材調達のために作った煉瓦工場は今も人々に収入をもたらしています。
サンギン・ダライ僧院の修復した6つの建物の1つ。THF/2007
≪現場で得たチベット文化遺産保護の知識を伝えたい≫ 40歳台半ばのピンピンは、現在香港で、15年間こつこつ書き溜めた膨大な資料を整理しています。「とにかく人の話をよく聞き、実際に見て、学んでいったの。私に辛抱強く教えてくれた棟梁達のためにも、チベット文化遺産保護の知識をまとめて広く伝えたい。」と言い、こう付け加えました。「私は一つの場所に属さない人間だけれど、現場で働いている間は、私も働く仲間や地元の人々に属しているの。」 (写真右:センゲンダライ僧院の伝統的な内装 THF/2007) 修復された文化遺産は、地元の人々だけでなく、彼女自身の記憶をも紡ぎ、生きる支えになっているようです。
高野そら(ペンネーム):中華人民共和国チベット自治区、ブータン、インドのラダック等、チベット文化圏を旅する。 ***** In order to spin the memories of people, PimPim’s 15 years on the preservation of Tibetan Cultural Heritage
Sora Takano I was introduced to Manuela de Azevedo whose nick name is PimPim from Portugal at a party. She smiled when our gaze met, but seemed painfully shy. However, when someone mentioned about cultural heritage, it was as if another personality suddenly had appeared. She started talking eloquently with passion and confidence. It was 1994 when PimPim got involved in the preservation of cultural heritage. Around that time, the economic development began in Lhasa, Tibet autonomous region in the People’s Republic of China, and old buildings started being demolished. She was asked by one of her friends, Andre Alexander from Germany to draw a detailed map of the buildings in old Lhasa. She recalls: “At first, I was only interested in the buildings. But as I visited each house to record who resided there and how they lived, I came to realize the protection of cultural heritage means the protection of the memories of the local people and their community. Old buildings like houses and temples are precious because they are closely linked to people’s memories, including sounds, smell, the figures of family members or neighbors, their conversations and feelings at that time.Nobody can live without a memory.” Tibet Heritage Fund Andre and PimPim established Tibet Heritage Fund, an NGO in 1996. Tibetan Buddhist architecture, including, for example, stone piling, roof stumping, engraving and wall painting is built with unique techniques following religious rules. In order to keep such tradition, THF looked for and found three masters and supported training of a total of 300 Tibetan people. THF also participated in the old Lhasa preservation group under the leadership of the local government authorities, which made a list of historical buildings to be protected. Furthermore, THF restored temples and traditional houses, and in consultations with the local residence, built drinking water facilities, swage systems and public toilets, and paved some roads. The local people, who used to dig a hole as a toilet where they also threw garbage, started to discuss how to keep it clean among themselves. Since the year 2000, THF has expanded its project areas to Sichuan province and Qinghai province in the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Mongolia, and Ladakh in India. Its participants including short time volunteers and labors are from ten countries. Some Tibetan staff members, who learned the traditional skills, now teach others, and one of the projects in Ladakh under Andre’s management, won UNESCO’s Asia & Pacific Award in 2006. THF has received funds from the governments of Germany, Holland and Finland; Trace Foundation in the USA, MISEREOR in Germany and some others. (See details: www.tibetheritagefund.org) Preservation of a monastery in Gobi desert PimPim became in charge of the restoration of Sangiin Dalai monastery, which is located in the southern part of Gobi desert in Mongolia. It was built in 1772, but closed and destroyed in the 1930’s under the influence of the Soviet Union. As a site manager, PimPim, who is only a little taller than five feet, had to negotiate with the government authorities, Mayor and the Buddhist authorities, supervise labors, obtain building materials, teach traditional building techniques, moderate quarrels, deal with stealing and check financial transactions.PimPim explains: “In the beginning, I was often ignored at the meetings perhaps because they were not used to me, a woman, being in charge. I never let them know of my anxiety, showed my sound knowledge on the technical matters and managed to win their respect.” The living conditions at the site were very hard. Electricity by a generator was available only about three hours a day. The whole town relayed on a single telephone at the post office. Cabbage and potatoes were only what PimPim, a vegetarian, could eat.She seldom found peaches or apples, which were all blackened during the transportation across the desert. Their well produced salty water only, and the nearest shop which sold bottled mineral water was 160 kilometers away. Even when she suffered from diarrhea or a high fever, she had to walk to a public toilet outside. She became so weak that she had to be treated with drips occasionally and ended up losing eight kilograms of her weight. There was no entertainment and no causal chatting due to the language barriers. Despite of such difficulties, a total of six buildings including paintings and wooden decorations, were restored using hand made bricks and tiles in 2007. This area, 700 kilometers away from the capital, is left out from the economic development, and troubled with alcoholism and domestic violence. Even a suicide is not very rare. This project started with a hope that the restoration of the monastery would serve as an occasion for the local people to recover their own tradition and memories, and live with a pride. An old man came to the site every day despite of strong sandy wind. ”I cannot wait to see the templerestored.”, said the man who used to serve as a boy monk there.He attended the re-opening ceremony of the monastery in his best traditional outfit with a toothless smile in tears. Today, the large stove, which was constructed to bake bricks and tiles for this project, brings some cash income to the local people. I want to pass my knowledge on the preservation of Tibetan cultural heritage PimPim, entering her mid-40s, now resides in Hong Kong and is sorting out huge piles of small cards on which she recorded every technical detail for the last 15 years. She says:” I learned by listening to others and by watching things at the sites. For the sake of the old masters who taught me everything with patience, I want to put together what I learned on the preservation of Tibetan cultural heritage and pass them to others.” She adds: “I don’t belong to any particular place, but while I work at a site, I also belong to my colleagues and local people.” It seems that restored cultural heritage help not only the local people but also PimPim to spin their memories and keep going ahead.
Sora Takano (Pen Name) has traveled to the Tibetan cultural region including People’s Republic of China’s Tibetan Autonomous Region, Bhutan, India’s Ladakh. |
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